One of the most remarkable changes in human evolution is the loss of our tails, a transformation that occurred around 25 million years ago. This pivotal shift not only altered the trajectory of our species but also marked a significant moment in the evolutionary history of primates. While scientists have long speculated on why humans lost their tails, the genetic cause has remained elusive—until now. A recent study published in Nature has finally uncovered the genetic factors responsible for this evolutionary change.
The Quest to Understand Tail Loss
The journey to unravel the mystery of human tail loss began in an unexpected way. Bo Xia, a graduate student at New York University, was inspired to investigate the origins of the human tailbone after injuring his own coccyx. This personal curiosity led Xia and his team to embark on a groundbreaking scientific investigation.
Through careful research, the team focused on the TBXT gene, which plays a crucial role in regulating tail length in various species. Their research revealed a unique genetic mutation within this gene, providing a major breakthrough in understanding human evolution.
The Role of Jumping Genes
A key aspect of this discovery lies in the role of Alu elements, often called “jumping genes.” These genetic elements, specific to primates, can move within the genome and cause significant changes. The researchers found that Alu elements inserted themselves into the TBXT gene, triggering a chain reaction that led to the loss of our tails.
This insertion activated a process known as alternative splicing, where RNA molecules are cut and restructured, which ultimately led to the deletion of a crucial exon. This change altered the structure and function of the resulting protein, leading to the tail loss seen in humans.
Validation Through Mice Studies
To confirm their findings, the researchers engineered laboratory mice with the same genetic mutations found in humans and apes. These genetically altered mice lost their tails, providing compelling evidence that the identified mutation plays a crucial role in the absence of tails in humans and other primates.
However, the study also uncovered a downside to tail loss: an increased risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. This finding highlights the complex balance between evolutionary benefits and potential genetic trade-offs.
The Broader Implications
This discovery has profound implications not just for understanding human evolution, but also for human anatomy and health. The loss of our tails was not a random event but a genetic adaptation with lasting consequences. It illustrates the complex relationship between genetic changes and the way they shape our physiology over time.
As we continue to study our evolutionary past, these findings remind us of the intricate process of natural selection and genetic innovation that has shaped humanity. This breakthrough also underscores the power of scientific inquiry in uncovering the mysteries of our origins, offering insight into the past that can help us understand our future.
The identification of the genetic reasons behind tail loss is a testament to the persistence of scientific exploration and the ongoing quest for knowledge about our evolutionary journey.
Crews discovered a huge shipwreck underneath the foundations of the World Trade Center Towers after 9/11
Following the finding, archaeologists were left scratching their heads.
When crews responding to the September 11 terrorist attacks discovered a shipwreck, they were astounded.
The World Trade Center terrorist attack site was still being excavated in 2010.
Archaeologists found a ship among the debris; it was only around 22 feet below street level.
It makes sense that the ancient wooden ship raised a lot of concerns. How did it arrive here? Why was it in this location? How did the ship get to be in the center of New York City?
Since then, researchers have unearthed the mysteries surrounding the enigmatic craft.
They were able to determine the age of the shipwreck by analyzing the tree rings on its wooden skeleton.
They learned that the wood from which the vessel was constructed originated in Philadelphia around 1773.
That being said, how in the world did a big wooden ship end up in the center of the city?
The World Trade Center’s exact location was in the Hudson River when Manhattan was initially inhabited.
Researchers are unsure about the cause of the ship’s sinking—a mishap or an accident.
Manhattan’s western shoreline shifted westward as New York built, finally burying the ship under debris and other waste.
Archaeologist Molly McDonald told CNN in 2014: “It’s such an intense site already based on its recent history, so to be in the midst of this urban, modern, very fraught location, and then to be sitting on what was a river bottom, with clams and fish, and the smell of low tide, was really an amazing juxtaposition.”
The ship would have been fully hidden from view by 1818, until the September 11 attacks of 2001.
And when Americans, New Yorkers, and people everywhere else watched in horror as a Boeing 767 filled with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel smashed into the World Trade Center’s northern tower on that terrible day, the ship was well and truly long forgotten.
The 110-story tower had a huge hole in it from the collision, which quickly killed hundreds of people.
An estimated 50,000 people worked in the buildings on a regular weekday.
It was estimated that an additional 140,000 individuals visited the Twin Towers on a daily basis.
It is mind-boggling that the World Trade Center was so big that it got its own zip code, 10048.
2,977 innocent individuals lost their lives as a result of the attacks, while thousands more suffered injuries.
And over the years, a great deal of people have passed by the location without realizing the nautical gem buried beneath.
Leave a Reply